Assessment of costs related to cancer treatment

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Cancer patients and their caregivers incur costs not covered by the Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS(Unified Health System) during their treatment, with expenses related to transportation, symptomatic medications, food, loss of working days, and others. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the costs incurred and not covered for cancer patients and their caregivers during cancer treatment at SUS. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of 110 cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and 88 caregivers in the last month prior to their inclusion in the study. We correlated costs with clinical and sociodemographic variables such as gender, race, age, marital status, education, occupation, place of birth, origin, monthly income, family income, housing, comorbidities, types of cancer, and staging. RESULTS: We observed that the average cost for study patients was R$ 747.92, which corresponds to 78.4% of the minimum wage, and the average cost for caregivers was R$ 118.86, which is 12.46% of the minimum wage. Among all variables analyzed, the average overall monthly cost for patients was positively correlated with the occupation (p = 0.021) and origin (p = 0.038) variables. For the other variables, no significant associations were detected. CONCLUSION: The positive correlation found between occupation and origin variables with costs incurred and not covered for patients suggests that the creation of programs that enable the payment of costs not covered by SUS and the decentralization of access to cancer treatment could potentially facilitate patients' adherence to cancer treatment.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: Pacientes oncológicos e seus acompanhantes incorrem em custos não cobertos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) durante o seu tratamento, com gastos relacionados a transporte, medicações sintomáticas, alimentação, perda de dias de trabalho dentre outros. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os custos incorridos e não cobertos pelo SUS por pacientes com câncer e seus acompanhantes durante a realização do tratamento, oncológico. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com 110 pacientes oncológicos em tratamento com quimioterapia ou quimioterapia e radioterapia e 88 acompanhantes, no último mês, antes de sua inclusão no estudo. Correlacionamos os custos dispendidos com variáveis clínicas e sociodemográficas como sexo, idade, raça, estado civil, escolaridade, ocupação, naturalidade, procedência, renda mensal, renda familiar, moradia, comorbidades, tipo de neoplasia e estadiamento. RESULTADOS: Observamos que a média do custo global dos pacientes do estudo foi de R$ 747,92, que corresponde a 78,4% do salário mínimo e a média do custo dos acompanhantes foi de R$ 118,86 reais que equivale a 12,46% do salário mínimo. Dentre todas as variáveis analisadas, a média do custo global mensal dos pacientes correlacionou-se positivamente com a variável ocupação (p=0,021) assim como com a variável procedência (p = 0,038). Para as demais variáveis, não foram detectadas associações significantes. CONCLUSÃO: A correlação positiva encontrada entre ocupação e procedência com custos incorridos e não cobertos por pacientes sugere a criação de programas que viabilizem o pagamento dos custos não cobertos pelo SUS e a descentralização do acesso ao tratamento oncológico podem potencialmente facilitar a aderência do paciente ao tratamento oncológico.

Assessment of tumor regression in patients with rectal carcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy

Introduction: Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer diagnosis among both genders worldwide and the second in developed countries. The high incidence of local recurrence (20-70%) remains perhaps the major complication of surgery for rectal cancer, besides the persistent high rate of distant metastasis (30-35%) in this disease. Object: The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in pathologic characteristics of rectal cancer patients, analyzing the possible morphological parameters influencing the response to preoperative treatment. Material and Methods: We retrospectively selected all the patients who had received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by excisional surgery for rectal carcinoma between 2003 and 2009 in Hospital São Marcos, Teresina - Piauí - Brazil. The clinical and pathological features for each patient were retrieved. The correlation between tumor regressiongrade (TRG) and other parameters were studied with the Pearson chi-square test. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 19.0. Results: From January 2003 to December 2009, 79 patients with rectal cancer were treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Pathologicexamination of resected specimens revealed complete tumor regression (TRG1) in 18%, partial tumor regression (TRG2-4) in 71% and no regression (TRG5) in 11% of the patients. Of all the patients, 48% had their tumor downstaged at the time of pathologic examination. We found correlation (p < 0.05) between different levels of tumor regression and necrosis, histological type, differentiation grade and metastasis. Conclusion: Pathological complete response was 18% and was positive correlated with high histological differentiated, usual adenocarcinoma and absence of necrosis and metastasis

Adiaspiromicose pulmonar humana / Human pulmonary adiaspiromycosis

A adiaspiromicose é uma doença fúngica sistêmica que acomete usualmente roedores e raramente atinge o homem. É causada pelo fungo Emmonsia crescens e ocorre após a inalação da forma contagiante (conídios). Embora estas formas não se multipliquem nem se disseminem no organismo humano, induzem uma reação inflamatória crônica granulomatosa de padrão miliar que pode levar a falência respiratória e morte. Apresentamos aqui um caso de adiaspiromicose pulmonar humana em paciente imunocompetente que exibia infiltrado intersticial pulmonar difuso ao exame de imagem e fora diagnosticado mediante biópsia pulmonar.

Adiaspiromycosis is a systemic fungal disease that usually affects rodents and rarely infects humans. It is caused by the fungus Emmonsia crescens and occurs after inhalation of its contagious form (conidia). Although these forms neither multiply nor spread in the human body, they cause a chronic granulomatous inflammatory reaction of miliary pattern, which may lead to respiratory failure and death. In this study we present a case of human pulmonary adiaspiromycosis in an immunocompetent patient that showed a diffuse pulmonary interstitial infiltrate diagnosed by pulmonary biopsy.